Fluorine

Fluorine is a chemical element with the symbol F and atomic number 9. It is the lightest halogen and the most electronegative element, extremely reactive and a strong oxidizing agent. Fluorine is a pale yellow, highly toxic gas that reacts with most organic and inorganic substances. It is used in the production of uranium fuel, refrigerants, and pharmaceuticals.

Overview

English Name:

Fluorine

Latin Name:

Fluorum

Year Discovered:

1886

Discovered By:

Henri Moissan

Group:

17

Period:

2

Electrons:

9

CAS Number:

7782-41-4

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$100

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

1s² 2s² 2p⁵

Ion Charge:

-1

Ionisation Energies:

1681.0 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

42 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

71 pm

Covalent Radius:

71 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

147 pm

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

17.42 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 7

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

1

Atomic Weight:

18.998

Oxidation States

-1

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

328 kJ/mol

Valence:

1

Electronegativity:

3.98

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

-219.62°C

Boiling Point:

-188.12°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: 5.17 MPa

Temperature: -128.85°C

Thermal Conductivity:

0.0278 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 0.824 J/(g·K)

Molar: 31.10 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.00011

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 0.26 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 3.27 kJ/mol

Atomization: 79.4 kJ/mol

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Gas

Density:

Gas: 1.696 g/L

Molar Volume (Vmol):

22.99 L/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

332 m/s

Hardness:

N/A

Bulk Modulus (K):

0.82 GPa

Shear Modulus (G):

N/A

Young's Modulus (E):

N/A

Color:

Pale yellow

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

1.51 kg/m³

Hardness of Mohs:

N/A

Refractive Index:

1.000052

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Crystal Structure:

N/A

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Insulator

Resistivity:

10^14 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Diamagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

-1.1 × 10^-9

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

-6.1 × 10^-10 m³/kg

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

-1.16 × 10^-8 m³/mol

Electrical Conductivity:

10^-14 S/m

Mass (γmass):

3.1608 × 10-26 kg

Mass (γmol):

3.1608 × 10-23 mol

Volume (γvol):

22.99 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

N/A

Grid Parameters:

N/A

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

N/A

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Danger

Hazard Statements:

H280, H314, H330, H400

Precautionary Statements:

P260, P264, P280

RTECS Number:

Not available

Risk:

Flammability: Non-flammable
Health Risk: Toxic, corrosive
Reactivity: Highly reactive
Specific Risk: Oxidizer

Importance

Main sources:

Minerals, industrial processes

Main Usage:

Uranium fuel, refrigerants, pharmaceuticals

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

No

Isotopes:

F-19

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.0096 barns

Half Life (s):

None

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.0003%

Sun:

0.0003%

Oceans:

0.0001%

Humans:

0.0003%

Earth's Crust:

0.07%

Meteorites:

0.0003%