Polonium

Polonium is a chemical element with the symbol Po and atomic number 84. It is a rare, silvery-gray metal that is highly radioactive. Polonium is found in trace amounts in uranium ores and has applications in anti-static devices and as a heat source in space equipment.

Overview

English Name:

Polonium

Latin Name:

Polonium

Year Discovered:

1940

Discovered By:

Marie Curie, Pierre Curie, and Friedrich Oskar Giesel

Group:

16

Period:

6

Electrons:

84

CAS Number:

7440-08-6

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$1,000,000

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d¹⁰ 6s² 6p⁴

Ion Charge:

+2, +4

Ionisation Energies:

813 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

202 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

202 pm

Covalent Radius:

150 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

N/A

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

8.414 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 6

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

1

Atomic Weight:

209

Oxidation States

-2
+2
+4
+6

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

-200 kJ/mol

Valence:

2, 4, 6

Electronegativity:

2.0

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

254°C

Boiling Point:

962°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: N/A

Temperature: N/A

Thermal Conductivity:

0.1 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 0.128 J/(g·K)

Molar: 26.6 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.0001

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 11.5 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 150 kJ/mol

Atomization: 200 kJ/mol

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Solid

Density:

Solid: 9.2 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

22.7 L/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

N/A

Hardness:

N/A

Bulk Modulus (K):

N/A

Shear Modulus (G):

N/A

Young's Modulus (E):

N/A

Color:

Silvery-gray

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

N/A

Hardness of Mohs:

N/A

Refractive Index:

N/A

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Crystal Structure:

Hexagonal

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Semiconductor

Resistivity:

1.0 × 10^-6 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Diamagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

-2.0 × 10^-5

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

-1.5 × 10^-5 m³/kg

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

-3.0 × 10^-5 m³/mol

Electrical Conductivity:

1.0 × 10^-6 S/m

Mass (γmass):

3.0 × 10-26 kg

Mass (γmol):

3.0 × 10-23 mol

Volume (γvol):

22.7 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

Hexagonal

Grid Parameters:

N/A

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

N/A

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Danger

Hazard Statements:

H300, H330

Precautionary Statements:

P201, P202, P280, P308 + P313

RTECS Number:

Not available

Risk:

Flammability: Non-flammable
Health Risk: Highly toxic
Reactivity: Unstable
Specific Risk: None

Importance

Main sources:

Uranium ores

Main Usage:

Anti-static devices, heat sources

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

Yes

Isotopes:

Po-210, Po-211

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.002 barns

Half Life (s):

138.376 days

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.0000001%

Sun:

0.0000001%

Oceans:

N/A

Humans:

N/A

Earth's Crust:

0.0000002%

Meteorites:

N/A