Hafnium

Overview

English Name:

Hafnium

Latin Name:

Hafnium

Year Discovered:

1923

Discovered By:

Dirk Coster, George de Hevesy

Group:

4

Period:

6

Electrons:

72

CAS Number:

7440-58-6

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$300

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

[Xe] 4f¹⁴ 5d² 6s²

Ion Charge:

+4

Ionisation Energies:

658.5 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

159 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

208 pm

Covalent Radius:

175 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

N/A

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

6.825 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 8, 18, 32, 10, 2

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

1

Atomic Weight:

178.49

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

0.0 kJ/mol

Valence:

4

Electronegativity:

1.3

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

2233°C

Boiling Point:

4603°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: N/A

Temperature: N/A

Thermal Conductivity:

0.23 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 0.14 J/(g·K)

Molar: 25.73 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.000006

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 27.2 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 630 kJ/mol

Atomization: N/A

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Solid

Density:

Solid: 13.31 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

13.44 cm³/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

3011 m/s

Hardness:

6-7

Bulk Modulus (K):

110 GPa

Shear Modulus (G):

30 GPa

Young's Modulus (E):

78 GPa

Color:

Silvery gray

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

1700-1900

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

N/A

Hardness of Mohs:

6-7

Refractive Index:

N/A

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Crystal Structure:

Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Conductor

Resistivity:

3.3 × 10^-7 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Paramagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

0.0 × 10^-6

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

0.0 × 10^-6 m³/kg

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

0.0 × 10^-6 m³/mol

Electrical Conductivity:

3.0 × 10^6 S/m

Mass (γ_mass):

1.0 × 10^-25 kg

Mass (γ_mol):

1.0 × 10^-22 mol

Volume (γ_vol):

13.44 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

Hexagonal close-packed (hcp)

Grid Parameters:

a = 319.46 pm, c = 504.81 pm

Attitude:

c/a = 1.579

Debye Temperature:

237 K

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Warning

Hazard Statements:

H228

Precautionary Statements:

P220, P244, P370 + P376

RTECS Number:

Not available

Risk:

Flammability: Flammable solid
Health Risk: Irritant
Reactivity: Stable
Specific Risk: None

Importance

Main sources:

Minerals, ores

Main Usage:

Nuclear control rods, superalloys

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

No

Isotopes:

Hf-174, Hf-176, Hf-177, Hf-178, Hf-179, Hf-180

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.105 barns

Half Life (s):

None

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.0006%

Sun:

0.0006%

Oceans:

0.0%

Humans:

0.0%

Earth's Crust:

0.0005%

Meteorites:

0.0005%