Thulium

Thulium is a chemical element with the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is a silvery-gray metal that is relatively soft and ductile. Thulium is the least abundant of the lanthanides and is used in various applications, including medical imaging and as a dopant in solid-state lasers.

Overview

English Name:

Thulium

Latin Name:

Thulium

Year Discovered:

1879

Discovered By:

Johan Gadolin

Group:

Lanthanides

Period:

6

Electrons:

69

CAS Number:

7440-30-4

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$200

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

[Xe] 4f¹³ 6s²

Ion Charge:

+3

Ionisation Energies:

569.6 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

175 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

217 pm

Covalent Radius:

195 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

N/A

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

5.527 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 8, 18, 31, 8

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

1

Atomic Weight:

168.93

Oxidation States

+3

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

0.0 kJ/mol

Valence:

3

Electronegativity:

1.25

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

1545°C

Boiling Point:

1620°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: N/A

Temperature: N/A

Thermal Conductivity:

0.16 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 0.29 J/(g·K)

Molar: 25.1 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.000012

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 13.5 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 300 kJ/mol

Atomization: N/A

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Solid

Density:

Solid: 9.54 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

17.71 cm³/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

N/A

Hardness:

N/A

Bulk Modulus (K):

N/A

Shear Modulus (G):

N/A

Young's Modulus (E):

N/A

Color:

Silvery-gray

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

N/A

Hardness of Mohs:

N/A

Refractive Index:

N/A

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Crystal Structure:

N/A

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Conductor

Resistivity:

1.0 × 10^-7 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Paramagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

0.0 × 10^-6

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

0.0 × 10^-6 m³/kg

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

0.0 × 10^-6 m³/mol

Electrical Conductivity:

1.0 × 10^7 S/m

Mass (γmass):

1.0 × 10-25 kg

Mass (γmol):

1.0 × 10-22 mol

Volume (γvol):

17.71 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

N/A

Grid Parameters:

N/A

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

N/A

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Warning

Hazard Statements:

H228

Precautionary Statements:

P220, P244, P370 + P376

RTECS Number:

Not available

Risk:

Flammability: Non-flammable
Health Risk: Irritant
Reactivity: Stable
Specific Risk: None

Importance

Main sources:

Minerals, ores

Main Usage:

Medical imaging, lasers

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

No

Isotopes:

Tm-169

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.0 barns

Half Life (s):

None

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.0006%

Sun:

0.0006%

Oceans:

0.0%

Humans:

0.0%

Earth's Crust:

0.0005%

Meteorites:

0.0005%