Carbon

Overview

English Name:

Carbon

Latin Name:

Carbonium

Year Discovered:

1796

Discovered By:

Joseph Priestley, Carl Wilhelm Scheele

Group:

14

Period:

2

Electrons:

6

CAS Number:

7440-44-0

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$0.10

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

1s² 2s² 2p²

Ion Charge:

+4, -4

Ionisation Energies:

1086.5 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

77 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

76 pm

Covalent Radius:

76 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

200 pm

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

11.26 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 4

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

2

Atomic Weight:

12.01

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

117.5 kJ/mol

Valence:

4

Electronegativity:

2.55

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

3550°C

Boiling Point:

4827°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: 0.1 MPa

Temperature: 3550°C

Thermal Conductivity:

20 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 0.71 J/(g·K)

Molar: 8.54 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.000005

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 2.12 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 715.0 kJ/mol

Atomization: 745.0 kJ/mol

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Solid

Density:

Solid: 2.25 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

5.31 L/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

18,300 m/s

Hardness:

9.5 (Mohs)

Bulk Modulus (K):

450 GPa

Shear Modulus (G):

170 GPa

Young's Modulus (E):

930 GPa

Color:

Black, gray, brown

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

8000 MPa

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

1.25 kg/m³

Hardness of Mohs:

9.5

Refractive Index:

2.42

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

8000 MPa

Crystal Structure:

Diamond

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Insulator

Resistivity:

10^14 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Diamagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

-1.2 × 10^-5

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

-1.2 × 10^-8 m³/kg

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

-1.2 × 10^-7 m³/mol

Electrical Conductivity:

10^-14 S/m

Mass (γ_mass):

1.9926 × 10^-27 kg

Mass (γ_mol):

1.9926 × 10^-24 mol

Volume (γ_vol):

5.31 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

Diamond

Grid Parameters:

0.25 nm

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

1500 K

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Warning

Hazard Statements:

H260, H315, H319, H335

Precautionary Statements:

P261, P264, P270

RTECS Number:

Not available

Risk:

Flammability: Non-flammable
Health Risk: Harmful if swallowed
Reactivity: Stable
Specific Risk: None

Importance

Main sources:

Minerals, industrial processes

Main Usage:

Steel production, cement, plastics

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

No

Isotopes:

C-12, C-13

Neutron Cross Sectional:

4.7 barns

Half Life (s):

None

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.02%

Sun:

0.02%

Oceans:

0.01%

Humans:

0.01%

Earth's Crust:

0.02%

Meteorites:

0.02%