Ruthenium

Overview

English Name:

Ruthenium

Latin Name:

Ruthenium

Year Discovered:

1844

Discovered By:

Karl Ernst Claus

Group:

8

Period:

5

Electrons:

44

CAS Number:

7440-18-8

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$300

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

[Kr] 5s² 4d⁷

Ion Charge:

+4

Ionisation Energies:

710 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

137 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

215 pm

Covalent Radius:

146 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

N/A

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

7.360 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 8, 18, 16

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

1

Atomic Weight:

101.07

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

−100 kJ/mol

Valence:

4

Electronegativity:

2.2

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

2334°C

Boiling Point:

4150°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: N/A

Temperature: N/A

Thermal Conductivity:

150 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 0.24 J/(g·K)

Molar: 25.0 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.000007

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 19.3 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 400 kJ/mol

Atomization: 200 kJ/mol

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Solid

Density:

Solid: 12.37 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

8.18 L/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

5000 m/s

Hardness:

N/A

Bulk Modulus (K):

160 GPa

Shear Modulus (G):

N/A

Young's Modulus (E):

N/A

Color:

Silvery

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

N/A

Hardness of Mohs:

N/A

Refractive Index:

N/A

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Crystal Structure:

Body-centered cubic

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Conductor

Resistivity:

1.0 × 10^-7 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Paramagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

+1.0 × 10^-5

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

+1.2 × 10^-5 m³/kg

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

+2.0 × 10^-4 m³/mol

Electrical Conductivity:

10^6 S/m

Mass (γ_mass):

1.0 × 10^-25 kg

Mass (γ_mol):

1.0 × 10^-22 mol

Volume (γ_vol):

8.18 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

Body-centered cubic

Grid Parameters:

N/A

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

N/A

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Warning

Hazard Statements:

H228

Precautionary Statements:

P220, P244, P370 + P376

RTECS Number:

Not available

Risk:

Flammability: Flammable
Health Risk: Irritant
Reactivity: Stable
Specific Risk: None

Importance

Main sources:

Ores such as ruthenite

Main Usage:

Catalysts, electronics, and alloys

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

No

Isotopes:

Ru-96, Ru-98

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.1 barns

Half Life (s):

None

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.0007%

Sun:

0.0007%

Oceans:

0.00001%

Humans:

0.00001%

Earth's Crust:

0.0002%

Meteorites:

0.0002%