Beryllium

Beryllium is a chemical element with the symbol Be and atomic number 4. It is a hard, grayish-white metal that is brittle at room temperature. Beryllium is highly toxic and can cause a range of health problems, including chronic beryllium disease. It is used in various applications such as nuclear reactors, spacecraft, and electronic devices due to its high strength-to-weight ratio and thermal conductivity.

Overview

English Name:

Beryllium

Latin Name:

Beryllium

Year Discovered:

1798

Discovered By:

Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin

Group:

2

Period:

2

Electrons:

2

CAS Number:

7440-41-7

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$1000

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

1s² 2s²

Ion Charge:

+2, -2

Ionisation Energies:

899 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

112 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

153 pm

Covalent Radius:

112 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

153 pm

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

8.30 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

2

Atomic Weight:

9.0122

Oxidation States

+2
-2

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

0.000 kJ/mol

Valence:

2

Electronegativity:

1.57

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

1287°C

Boiling Point:

2970°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: 26.5 MPa

Temperature: 3100°C

Thermal Conductivity:

200 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 1.82 J/(g·K)

Molar: 16.44 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.0004

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 12.5 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 297 kJ/mol

Atomization: 905 kJ/mol

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Solid

Density:

Solid: 1.848 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

4.85 L/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

12,000 m/s

Hardness:

5.5 (Mohs)

Bulk Modulus (K):

130 GPa

Shear Modulus (G):

80 GPa

Young's Modulus (E):

300 GPa

Color:

Grayish-white

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

1040 MPa

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

1.25 kg/m³

Hardness of Mohs:

5.5

Refractive Index:

1.70

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

1040 MPa

Crystal Structure:

HCP

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Conductor

Resistivity:

10^6 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Diamagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

Not specified

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

Not specified

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

Not specified

Electrical Conductivity:

1.5 × 10^6 S/m

Mass (γmass):

9.0122 × 10-27 kg

Mass (γmol):

9.0122 × 10-24 mol

Volume (γvol):

4.85 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

HCP

Grid Parameters:

0.25 nm

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

1000 K

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Warning

Hazard Statements:

H260, H314, H410

Precautionary Statements:

P210, P261, P273

RTECS Number:

Not available

Risk:

Flammability: Non-flammable
Health Risk: Harmful if swallowed
Reactivity: Stable
Specific Risk: None

Importance

Main sources:

Minerals, industrial processes

Main Usage:

Alloys, nuclear reactors, spacecraft

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

No

Isotopes:

Be-9, Be-10

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.005 barns

Half Life (s):

None

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.0001%

Sun:

0.0001%

Oceans:

0.0001%

Humans:

0.0001%

Earth's Crust:

0.0001%

Meteorites:

0.0001%