Bromine

Overview

English Name:

Bromine

Latin Name:

Bromum

Year Discovered:

1826

Discovered By:

Antoine Jérôme Balard

Group:

17

Period:

4

Electrons:

35

CAS Number:

7726-95-6

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$5

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p⁵

Ion Charge:

-1

Ionisation Energies:

1139 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

114 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

196 pm

Covalent Radius:

114 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

202 pm

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

11.81 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 8, 18, 7

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

1

Atomic Weight:

79.904

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

324 kJ/mol

Valence:

1

Electronegativity:

2.96

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

-7.2°C

Boiling Point:

58.8°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: 1.6 MPa

Temperature: 332°C

Thermal Conductivity:

0.049 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 0.36 J/(g·K)

Molar: 75.3 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.0001

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 0.31 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 29.6 kJ/mol

Atomization: 200 kJ/mol

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Liquid

Density:

Liquid: 3.12 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

25.5 cm³/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

1300 m/s

Hardness:

N/A

Bulk Modulus (K):

4.5 GPa

Shear Modulus (G):

N/A

Young's Modulus (E):

N/A

Color:

Reddish-brown

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

3120 kg/m³

Hardness of Mohs:

N/A

Refractive Index:

1.0009

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Crystal Structure:

N/A

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Insulator

Resistivity:

10^10 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Diamagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

-1.4 × 10^-9

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

-1.6 × 10^-9 m³/kg

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

-3.2 × 10^-8 m³/mol

Electrical Conductivity:

10^-10 S/m

Mass (γ_mass):

5.0 × 10^-26 kg

Mass (γ_mol):

5.0 × 10^-23 mol

Volume (γ_vol):

25.5 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

Orthorhombic

Grid Parameters:

a = 4.14 Å, b = 4.00 Å, c = 5.50 Å

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

N/A

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Warning

Hazard Statements:

H302

Precautionary Statements:

P261, P264, P270

RTECS Number:

Not available

Risk:

Flammability: Non-flammable
Health Risk: Toxic
Reactivity: Stable
Specific Risk: None

Importance

Main sources:

Brine, seawater

Main Usage:

Flame retardants, disinfectants, photography

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

No

Isotopes:

Br-79, Br-81

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.045 barns

Half Life (s):

None

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.0006%

Sun:

0.0006%

Oceans:

0.0000001%

Humans:

0.00003%

Earth's Crust:

0.0004%

Meteorites:

0.0004%