Germanium

Overview

English Name:

Germanium

Latin Name:

Germanium

Year Discovered:

1886

Discovered By:

Clemens Winkler

Group:

14

Period:

4

Electrons:

32

CAS Number:

7440-56-4

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$100

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² 4p²

Ion Charge:

+4, +2

Ionisation Energies:

762.0 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

125 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

122 pm

Covalent Radius:

122 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

211 pm

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

7.9 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 8, 18, 4

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

1

Atomic Weight:

72.63

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

118.9 kJ/mol

Valence:

4

Electronegativity:

2.01

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

938.25°C

Boiling Point:

2833°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: 7.6 MPa

Temperature: 2465°C

Thermal Conductivity:

0.60 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 0.32 J/(g·K)

Molar: 25.24 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.00005

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 13.9 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 334.0 kJ/mol

Atomization: 280.0 kJ/mol

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Solid

Density:

Solid: 5.32 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

13.0 cm³/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

5000 m/s

Hardness:

6.0 (Mohs)

Bulk Modulus (K):

44 GPa

Shear Modulus (G):

25 GPa

Young's Modulus (E):

103 GPa

Color:

Gray

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

800 MPa

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

6.0 kg/m³

Hardness of Mohs:

6.0

Refractive Index:

1.5

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

600 MPa

Crystal Structure:

Cubic

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Semiconductor

Resistivity:

10^4 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Diamagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

-4.0 × 10^-6

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

-5.0 × 10^-6 m³/kg

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

-1.0 × 10^-5 m³/mol

Electrical Conductivity:

10^-6 S/m

Mass (γ_mass):

4.0 × 10^-26 kg

Mass (γ_mol):

4.0 × 10^-23 mol

Volume (γ_vol):

13.0 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

Cubic

Grid Parameters:

5.66 Å

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

N/A

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Warning

Hazard Statements:

H351

Precautionary Statements:

P201, P202, P261

RTECS Number:

Not available

Risk:

Flammability: Non-flammable
Health Risk: Possible carcinogen
Reactivity: Stable
Specific Risk: None

Importance

Main sources:

Germanium ores, recycling

Main Usage:

Electronics, optics, solar cells

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

No

Isotopes:

Ge-70, Ge-72, Ge-73, Ge-74, Ge-76

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.02 barns

Half Life (s):

None

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.00014%

Sun:

0.00014%

Oceans:

0.000002%

Humans:

0.00001%

Earth's Crust:

0.0015%

Meteorites:

0.0005%