Lithium

Lithium is the first element in the periodic table. It is the lightest solid metal and is highly reactive, forming compounds with most other elements. Lithium is a soft, silver-white metal that reacts violently with water, producing hydrogen gas. It is used in batteries, ceramics, and glass, as well as in the production of aluminum and other alloys. Lithium also has medical applications, such as in the treatment of bipolar disorder.

Overview

English Name:

Lithium

Latin Name:

Lithium

Year Discovered:

1817

Discovered By:

Johan August Arfwedson

Group:

1

Period:

2

Electrons:

3

CAS Number:

7439-93-2

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$0.20

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

1s² 2s¹

Ion Charge:

+1

Ionisation Energies:

520.2 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

152 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

167 pm

Covalent Radius:

128 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

182 pm

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

5.39 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 1

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

2

Atomic Weight:

6.941

Oxidation States

-1
+1

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

59.6 kJ/mol

Valence:

1

Electronegativity:

0.98

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

453.69 K

Boiling Point:

1615 K

Critical Point:

N/A

Thermal Conductivity:

85 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 3.582 J/(g·K)

Molar: 24.86 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.000036

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 3.00 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 147.1 kJ/mol

Atomization: 159.3 kJ/mol

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Solid

Density:

Solid: 0.534 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

13.02 cm³/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

6000 m/s

Hardness:

0.6

Bulk Modulus (K):

11 GPa

Shear Modulus (G):

4.2 GPa

Young's Modulus (E):

4.9 GPa

Color:

Silver-white

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

N/A

Hardness of Mohs:

0.6

Refractive Index:

N/A

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Crystal Structure:

Body-centered cubic

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Conductor

Resistivity:

92.8 nΩ·m

Magnetic Type:

Paramagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

+1.09 × 10^-5

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

+2.04 × 10^-9

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

+1.41 × 10^-8

Electrical Conductivity:

1.08 × 10^7 S/m

Mass (γmass):

1.139 × 10-26 kg

Mass (γmol):

6.941 × 10-24 mol

Volume (γvol):

13.02 cm³

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

Body-centered cubic

Grid Parameters:

3.49 Å

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

400 K

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Danger

Hazard Statements:

H250, H260, H314

Precautionary Statements:

P223, P231 + P232, P280, P305 + P351 + P338, P370 + P378

RTECS Number:

OJ5540000

Risk:

Flammability: Pyrophoric
Health Risk: Corrosive
Reactivity: Reacts violently with water
Specific Risk: Reacts with air to form peroxide

Importance

Main sources:

Spodumene, petalite, lepidolite, and amblygonite

Main Usage:

Batteries, ceramics, glass, aluminum production, medicine

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

No

Isotopes:

Li-6, Li-7

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.0454 barns

Half Life (s):

Stable

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

3 ppm

Sun:

0.001 ppm

Oceans:

0.18 ppm

Humans:

0.001 ppm

Earth's Crust:

20 ppm

Meteorites:

1.5 ppm