Copper

Overview

English Name:

Copper

Latin Name:

Cuprum

Year Discovered:

Ancient

Discovered By:

Unknown

Group:

11

Period:

4

Electrons:

29

CAS Number:

7440-50-8

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$8

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹

Ion Charge:

+1, +2

Ionisation Energies:

745.5 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

128 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

140 pm

Covalent Radius:

132 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

227 pm

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

7.73 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 8, 18, 1

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

1

Atomic Weight:

63.55

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

+119 kJ/mol

Valence:

4

Electronegativity:

1.90

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

1085°C

Boiling Point:

2562°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: N/A

Temperature: N/A

Thermal Conductivity:

401 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 0.385 J/(g·K)

Molar: 24.44 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.000016

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 13.1 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 300 kJ/mol

Atomization: 500 kJ/mol

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Solid

Density:

Solid: 8.96 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

7.1 cm³/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

4600 m/s

Hardness:

3

Bulk Modulus (K):

140 GPa

Shear Modulus (G):

75 GPa

Young's Modulus (E):

110 GPa

Color:

Reddish-brown

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

250 MPa

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

8.96 kg/m³

Hardness of Mohs:

3

Refractive Index:

N/A

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

1500 MPa

Crystal Structure:

Face-centered cubic

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Conductor

Resistivity:

1.68 × 10^-8 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Diamagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

-1.9 × 10^-9

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

-2.1 × 10^-9 m³/kg

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

-4.2 × 10^-8 m³/mol

Electrical Conductivity:

5.8 × 10^7 S/m

Mass (γ_mass):

5.20 × 10^-26 kg

Mass (γ_mol):

5.20 × 10^-23 mol

Volume (γ_vol):

24.02 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

Face-centered cubic

Grid Parameters:

a = 3.61 Å

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

N/A

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Warning

Hazard Statements:

H302

Precautionary Statements:

P201, P280, P308 + P313

RTECS Number:

Not available

Risk:

Flammability: Non-flammable
Health Risk: Harmful if swallowed
Reactivity: Stable
Specific Risk: None

Importance

Main sources:

Minerals like chalcopyrite and bornite

Main Usage:

Electrical wiring, plumbing, and coins

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

No

Isotopes:

Cu-63, Cu-65

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.02 barns

Half Life (s):

None

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.0006%

Sun:

0.0006%

Oceans:

0.00001%

Humans:

0.00002%

Earth's Crust:

0.005%

Meteorites:

0.0001%