Nickel

Overview

English Name:

Nickel

Latin Name:

Nickel

Year Discovered:

1751

Discovered By:

Axel Fredrik Cronstedt

Group:

10

Period:

4

Electrons:

28

CAS Number:

7440-02-0

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$10

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

[Ar] 3d⁸ 4s²

Ion Charge:

+2, +3

Ionisation Energies:

737.1 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

124 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

152 pm

Covalent Radius:

124 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

246 pm

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

7.63 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 8, 16, 2

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

1

Atomic Weight:

58.69

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

-52 kJ/mol

Valence:

4

Electronegativity:

1.91

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

1453°C

Boiling Point:

2913°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: N/A

Temperature: N/A

Thermal Conductivity:

90 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 0.444 J/(g·K)

Molar: 26.07 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.000013

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 17.5 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 444 kJ/mol

Atomization: 616 kJ/mol

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Solid

Density:

Solid: 8.90 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

6.63 cm³/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

4900 m/s

Hardness:

4.5

Bulk Modulus (K):

180 GPa

Shear Modulus (G):

75 GPa

Young's Modulus (E):

210 GPa

Color:

Silvery-white

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

1000 MPa

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

8.90 kg/m³

Hardness of Mohs:

4.5

Refractive Index:

N/A

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

1500 MPa

Crystal Structure:

Face-centered cubic

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Conductor

Resistivity:

6.16 × 10^-8 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Ferromagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

+1.5 × 10^-5

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

+1.2 × 10^-5 m³/kg

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

+2.4 × 10^-4 m³/mol

Electrical Conductivity:

1.0 × 10^7 S/m

Mass (γ_mass):

5.20 × 10^-26 kg

Mass (γ_mol):

5.20 × 10^-23 mol

Volume (γ_vol):

24.02 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

Face-centered cubic

Grid Parameters:

a = 3.523 Å

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

N/A

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Warning

Hazard Statements:

H317

Precautionary Statements:

P201, P280, P308 + P313

RTECS Number:

Not available

Risk:

Flammability: Non-flammable
Health Risk: Irritant
Reactivity: Stable
Specific Risk: None

Importance

Main sources:

Minerals like nickelite and garnierite

Main Usage:

Alloys, batteries, and plating

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

No

Isotopes:

Ni-58

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.02 barns

Half Life (s):

None

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.0001%

Sun:

0.0001%

Oceans:

0.00001%

Humans:

0.00002%

Earth's Crust:

0.002%

Meteorites:

0.0001%