Scandium

Overview

English Name:

Scandium

Latin Name:

Scandium

Year Discovered:

1879

Discovered By:

Lars Fredrik Nilson

Group:

3

Period:

4

Electrons:

21

CAS Number:

7440-20-2

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$200

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

[Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s²

Ion Charge:

+3

Ionisation Energies:

633.1 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

162 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

184 pm

Covalent Radius:

160 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

249 pm

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

6.561 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 8, 9, 2

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

1

Atomic Weight:

44.96

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

-48 kJ/mol

Valence:

3

Electronegativity:

1.36

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

1541°C

Boiling Point:

2831°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: 3.5 MPa

Temperature: 2200°C

Thermal Conductivity:

16.5 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 0.59 J/(g·K)

Molar: 25.52 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.000012

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 11.5 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 300 kJ/mol

Atomization: 500 kJ/mol

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Solid

Density:

Solid: 2.99 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

15.1 L/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

2660 m/s

Hardness:

N/A

Bulk Modulus (K):

N/A

Shear Modulus (G):

N/A

Young's Modulus (E):

N/A

Color:

Silvery-white

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

N/A

Hardness of Mohs:

N/A

Refractive Index:

N/A

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Crystal Structure:

Hexagonal

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Conductor

Resistivity:

5.4 × 10^-8 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Paramagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

1.2 × 10^-6

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

1.0 × 10^-5 m³/kg

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

2.5 × 10^-4 m³/mol

Electrical Conductivity:

6.45 × 10^5 S/m

Mass (γ_mass):

3.3466 × 10^-26 kg

Mass (γ_mol):

3.3466 × 10^-23 mol

Volume (γ_vol):

15.1 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

Hexagonal

Grid Parameters:

N/A

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

N/A

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Warning

Hazard Statements:

H280

Precautionary Statements:

P220, P244, P370 + P376

RTECS Number:

Not available

Risk:

Flammability: Non-flammable
Health Risk: Asphyxiant
Reactivity: Stable
Specific Risk: None

Importance

Main sources:

Thortveitite, euxenite

Main Usage:

Alloys, aerospace components, lighting

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

No

Isotopes:

Sc-45

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.035 barns

Half Life (s):

None

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.0002%

Sun:

0.0002%

Oceans:

0.0000001%

Humans:

0.00000001%

Earth's Crust:

0.002%

Meteorites:

0.0002%