Calcium

Calcium is a chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It is a silvery-white, soft metal that is reactive at room temperature. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the universe and is essential for living organisms, particularly in cell physiology. It is used in construction, as a reducing agent in the extraction of metals, and in various chemical processes.

Overview

English Name:

Calcium

Latin Name:

Calcium

Year Discovered:

1808

Discovered By:

Humphry Davy

Group:

2

Period:

4

Electrons:

20

CAS Number:

7440-70-2

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$0.50

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

[Ar] 4s²

Ion Charge:

+2

Ionisation Energies:

589.8 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

197 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

197 pm

Covalent Radius:

176 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

N/A

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

6.11 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 8, 8, 2

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

1

Atomic Weight:

40.08

Oxidation States

+2

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

+2.37 kJ/mol

Valence:

2

Electronegativity:

1.00

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

842°C

Boiling Point:

1484°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: 2.5 MPa

Temperature: N/A

Thermal Conductivity:

200 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 0.645 J/(g·K)

Molar: 25.9 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.00002

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 8.54 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 154 kJ/mol

Atomization: 178.1 kJ/mol

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Solid

Density:

Solid: 1.54 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

26.99 L/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

3200 m/s

Hardness:

N/A

Bulk Modulus (K):

20 GPa

Shear Modulus (G):

N/A

Young's Modulus (E):

N/A

Color:

Silvery-white

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

1.55 kg/m³

Hardness of Mohs:

N/A

Refractive Index:

N/A

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

N/A

Crystal Structure:

Face-centered cubic

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Conductor

Resistivity:

0.0001 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Diamagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

-1.0 × 10^-5

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

-2.0 × 10^-5 m³/kg

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

-4.0 × 10^-4 m³/mol

Electrical Conductivity:

0.2 S/m

Mass (γmass):

3.45 × 10-26 kg

Mass (γmol):

3.45 × 10-23 mol

Volume (γvol):

24.99 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

Face-centered cubic

Grid Parameters:

N/A

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

N/A

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Warning

Hazard Statements:

H261

Precautionary Statements:

P220, P244, P370 + P376

RTECS Number:

Not available

Risk:

Flammability: Non-flammable
Health Risk: Irritant
Reactivity: Stable
Specific Risk: None

Importance

Main sources:

Earth's crust, limestone

Main Usage:

Construction, biological systems, steelmaking

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

No

Isotopes:

Ca-40, Ca-42, Ca-43, Ca-44, Ca-46, Ca-48

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.01 barns

Half Life (s):

None

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.004%

Sun:

0.004%

Oceans:

0.00004%

Humans:

0.01%

Earth's Crust:

3.64%

Meteorites:

0.01%