Silicon

Silicon is a chemical element with the symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic luster. Silicon is a key component in many electronic devices and is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, primarily found in the form of silicon dioxide (sand) and silicates.

Overview

English Name:

Silicon

Latin Name:

Silicium

Year Discovered:

1824

Discovered By:

Jöns Jacob Berzelius

Group:

Period:

Electrons:

CAS Number:

7440-21-3

Cost Per 100 Grams:

$0.50

Atomic Properties

Electronic Configuration:

1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p²

Ion Charge:

+4, -4

Ionisation Energies:

786.5 kJ/mol

Atomic Radius (Empirical):

118 pm

Atomic Radius (Calculated):

111 pm

Covalent Radius:

118 pm

Van Der Waals Radius:

210 pm

Ionisation Potential of An Atom:

8.151 eV

Electrons Per Layer:

2, 8, 4

Atomic Multiplicities Of The Gas:

Atomic Weight:

28.085

Oxidation States

-4

Reactivity

Electron Affinity:

134.0 kJ/mol

Valence:

Electronegativity:

1.90

Thermal Properties

Melting Point:

1414°C

Boiling Point:

2900°C

Critical Point:

Pressure: N/A

Temperature: N/A

Thermal Conductivity:

149 W/(m·K)

Heat Capacity:

Specific: 0.703 J/(g·K)

Molar: 19.79 J/(mol·K)

Thermal Coefficient:

0.000016

Enthalpy:

Fusion: 50.2 kJ/mol

Vaporisation: 294.4 kJ/mol

Atomization: 0.0 kJ/mol

Curie Temperature:

N/A

Neel Temperature:

N/A

Superconductivity Point:

N/A

Physical and Chemical Properties

State of matter (25° C/ 77°F):

Solid

Density:

Solid: 2.33 g/cm³

Molar Volume (Vmol):

12.17 L/mol

Speed of Sound (Vs):

5960 m/s

Hardness:

7 (Mohs)

Bulk Modulus (K):

100 GPa

Shear Modulus (G):

45 GPa

Young's Modulus (E):

130 GPa

Color:

Gray

Brinell Hardness (MPa):

1000 MPa

Liquid Density (Kg/m^3):

0.79 kg/m³

Hardness of Mohs:

Refractive Index:

N/A

Vickers Hardness (MPa):

1000 MPa

Crystal Structure:

Diamond cubic

Electromagnetic Properties

Electrical Type:

Semiconductor

Resistivity:

2.5 × 10^3 Ω·m

Magnetic Type:

Diamagnetic

Superconductivity:

Not applicable

Volume Magnetic Susceptibility:

-1.2 × 10^-5

Mass Magnetic Susceptibility:

-1.2 × 10^-8 m³/kg

Molar Mass Susceptibility:

-2.4 × 10^-7 m³/mol

Electrical Conductivity:

1.56 × 10^6 S/m

Mass (γ_mass):

4.66 × 10^-26 kg

Mass (γ_mol):

4.66 × 10^-23 mol

Volume (γ_vol):

12.17 L

Grid Parameters

Crystal Structure:

Diamond cubic

Grid Parameters:

N/A

Attitude:

N/A

Debye Temperature:

N/A

Safety and Precautions

Signal Word:

Warning

Hazard Statements:

H261, H315, H319

Precautionary Statements:

P261, P264, P270

RTECS Number:

SI7400000

Risk:

Flammability: Non-flammable
Health Risk: Irritant
Reactivity: Stable
Specific Risk: None

Importance

Main sources:

Silicates, quartz, clay

Main Usage:

Electronics, solar cells, alloys

Nuclear Properties

Radioactive:

Isotopes:

Si-28, Si-29, Si-30

Neutron Cross Sectional:

0.17 barns

Half Life (s):

None

Lifetime:

Stable

Prevalence

Universe:

0.07%

Sun:

0.07%

Oceans:

0.00002%

Humans:

0.00005%

Earth's Crust:

27.7%

Meteorites:

0.07%